Sorry for the delay on this.
Interesting question; there's actually two aspects to this.
First, the rules question: does Emrakul's “protection from colored spells” apply to Ulamog's triggered ability? CR 702.15b tells us that protection extends to “abilities from a source with the stated quality”, and the source of that ability is, in fact, a colored spell (thanks to Painter's Servant). So Emrakul is not a legal target for Ulamaog's “when you cast ~this~” ability.
Second, the judging question: if we do put the trigger on the stack after Ulamog has become a permanent, instead of a spell, does that change anything? This gets a little wonky, and there's probably some really odd corners involving game state changes that happen between a trigger firing and a trigger being remembered and put on the stack. However, in general, I think we can look at the philosophy of this sentence:
Originally posted by IPG 2.1:
No player may make choices involving objects that were not in the appropriate zone or zones when the ability should have triggered.
and conclude that the Ulamog trigger, when it's put on the stack later, is still an ability whose source is a colored spell. No targeting Emrakul just because you forgot that trigger and your opponent wants it to happen now.